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Arabs first established themselves in the Caucasus in the eighth century, during the Islamic conquests of the Middle East. The process of shrinking of the Caliphate in the tenth century was followed by the establishment of several Arab-ruled principalities in the region, chiefly the principality of Shirvan (most of present-day Azerbaijan and southeast part of Dagestan) ruled by the Mazyadid dynasty. As the rulers of Shirvan (known as Shirvanshahs) spread their control over much of the Southeast Caucasus and at the same time found themselves more and more isolated from the Arab world, they were undergoing gradual Persianisation. Arab personal names of the Shirvanshahs gave way to Persian ones, members of the ruling dynasty were claiming Ancient Persian descent (possibly having intermarried with members of local pre-Islamic nobility)〔V. Minorsky, ''A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries'', Cambridge, 1958.〕 and Persian gradually became the language of the court and the urban population,〔(История Востока. В 6 т. Т. 2. Восток в средние века. ) М., «Восточная литература», 2002. ISBN 5-02-017711-3 (History of the East. In 6 volumes. Volume 2. Moscow, publishing house of the Russian Academy of sciences «East literature»): The polyethnic population of Albania left-bank at this time is increasingly moving to the Persian language. Mainly this applies to cities of Aran and Shirvan, as begin from the ninth-tenth centuries named two main areas in the territory of Azerbaijan. With regard to the rural population, it would seem, mostly retained for a long time, their old languages, related to modern Daghestanian family, especially Lezgin.〕 while the rural population continued to speak the indigenous languages of Caucasian Albania. However by the seventeenth century〔(Adam Olearius. Description of travels of the Holstein Ambassadors to Muscovy and Persia. )〕 a local Turkic idiom (which later would develop into modern Azeri) became the language of everyday life, as well as the language of interethnic communication.〔Barthold, W., C.E. Bosworth "Shirwan Shah, Sharwan Shah. "Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2nd edition〕 Arab migration continued during the Middle Ages. Nomadic tribes of Arabs occasionally made their way into the region undergoing assimilation by the local population. In 1728, a Russian officer named Johann-Gustav Gärber described a group of Sunni Arab nomads who rented winter pastures near the Caspian shores of Mughan (in present-day Azerbaijan).〔Genko, A. ''The Arabic Language and Caucasian Studies''. USSR Academy of Sciences Publ. Moscow-Leningrad. 8–109〕〔Richard Tapper. ''Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political History of the Shahsevan''. Cambridge University Press, 1997; p. 103〕 It is likely that the Arab nomads arrived in the Caucasus in the sixteenth or seventeenth century.〔Zelkina, Anna. ''Arabic as a Minority Language''. Walter de Gruyter, 2000; p. 101〕 In 1888, an unknown number of Arabs still lived in the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire.〔Baynes, Thomas Spencer (ed). "Transcaucasia." Encyclopædia Britannica. 1888. p. 514〕〔Americanized Encyclopaedia Britannica. v.9. Belford-Clarke co., 1890; p.5899〕 ==Language== In his report, Gärber mentioned that the Arab nomads of Mughan spoke a "mixed Turkic-Arabic language". In 1840 Abbasgulu Bakikhanov attested an "altered version of Arabic" among some residents of Shirvan (see Shirvani Arabic).〔 (Golestan-i Iram ) by Abbasgulu Bakikhanov. Translated by Ziya Bunyadov. Baku: 1991, p. 21 〕 The Arabic language, or its local variety, lingered in Azerbaijan until the second half of the nineteenth century and in Dagestan until the 1930s (in Darvag, Tabasaransky District),〔 after which the population of these pockets began identifying itself as Azeri, having adopted Azeri as their mother tongue. The 1897 Russian Imperial census indicated 912 Arabic-speakers in central and southern Dagestan〔 (1897 Russian Census - Dagestan ) 〕 and none in what would become Azerbaijan. Notably, literary Arabic retained its role as the language of learning in Dagestan for centuries〔(Literatures of the North Caucasus and Dagestan ) by L.G.Golubeva et al. 〕 and was the main language of instruction in the local schools from 1920 to 1923 until replaced by Azeri (and later by other indigenous languages of Dagestan).〔Alexandre Bennigsen, S. Enders Wimbush. (Muslims of the Soviet Empire ). C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1985; p. 138〕 the names of dozens of villages across Azerbaijan and Dagestan (e.g. Arabgadim, Arabojaghy, Arablar, Arab-Yengija, Chol Arab etc.) bear traces of their once Arab population. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arabs in the Caucasus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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